Isolation,identification, and characterization of diesel‐oil‐degrading bacterial strains indigenous to Changqing oil field,China

In the present study, 12 indigenous diesel‐oil‐degrading bacteria were isolated from the petroleum‐contaminated soils of the Changqing oil field (Xi’an, China). Measurement of the diesel‐oil degradation rates of these strains by the gravimetric method revealed that they ranged from 42% to 66% within 2 weeks. The highest degradation rates were observed from strains CQ8‐1 (66%), CQ8‐2 (62.6%), and CQ11 (59%), which were identified as Bacillus thuringiensis, Ochrobactrum anthropi, and Bordetella bronchialis, respectively, based on their 16S rDNA sequences. Moreover, the physiological and biochemical properties of these three strains were analyzed by Gram staining, catalase, oxidase, and Voges–Proskauer tests. Transmission electron microscopy showed that all three strains were rod shaped with flagella. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometric analyses indicated that medium‐ and long‐chain n‐alkanes in diesel oil (C11–C29) were degraded to different degrees by B. thuringiensis, O. anthropi, and B. bronchialis, and the degradation rates gradually decreased as the carbon numbers increased. Overall, the results of this study indicate strains CQ8‐1, CQ8‐2, and CQ11 might be useful for environmentally friendly and cost‐effective bioremediation of oil‐contaminated soils.     

Evaluation of an improved prototype mini-baghouse to control the release of respirable crystalline silica from sand movers

The OSHA final rule on respirable crystalline silica (RCS) will require hydraulic fracturing companies to implement engineering controls to limit workers' exposure to RCS. RCS is generated by pneumatic transfer of quartz-containing sand during hydraulic fracturing operations. Chronic inhalation of RCS can lead to serious disease, including silicosis and lung cancer.

NIOSH research identified at least seven sources where RCS aerosols were generated at hydraulic fracturing sites. NIOSH researchers developed an engineering control to address one of the largest sources of RCS aerosol generation, RCS escaping from thief hatches on the top of sand movers. The control, the NIOSH Mini-Baghouse Retrofit Assembly (NMBRA), mounts on the thief hatches. Unlike most commercially available engineering controls, the NMBRA has no moving parts and requires no power source. This article details the results of an evaluation of generation 3 of the NMBRA at a sand mine in Arkansas from May 19–21, 2015.

During the evaluation, 168 area air samples were collected at 12 locations on and around a sand mover with and without the NMBRA installed. Analytical results for respirable dust and RCS indicated the use of the NMBRA effectively reduced concentrations of both respirable dust and RCS downwind of the thief hatches. Reductions of airborne respirable dust were estimated at 99+%; reductions in airborne RCS ranged from 98–99%. Analysis of bulk samples of the dust showed the likely presence of freshly fractured quartz, a particularly hazardous form of RCS. Use of an improved filter fabric and a larger area of filter cloth led to substantial improvements in filtration and pressures during these trials, as compared to the generation 2 NMBRA.

Planned future design enhancements, including a weather cover, will increase the performance and durability of the NMBRA. Future trials are planned to evaluate the long-term operability of the technology.     

白花前胡地上部分挥发性成分对比

目的:研究白花前胡地上各部位挥发油的化学成分。方法:采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取白花前胡新鲜地上部分各部位的挥发油,以气相色谱—质谱联用仪测定其化学组分。结果:花中含量较高的成分为氧化石竹烯(26.590%),2,6,6-三甲基双环[3.1.1]-2-烯(13.605%);果中为石竹烯(34.589%),1R-α-蒎烯(14.444%);叶柄中为(1α,4aα,8aα)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-八氢-7-甲基-4-亚甲基-1-(1-异丙基)-萘(33.671%),[s-(E,E)]-1-甲基-5-亚甲基-8-(1-异丙基)-1,6-环己烯(22.474%%),1R-α-蒎烯(11.479%);茎中为1R-α-蒎烯(15.544%),[s-(E,E)]-1-甲基-5-亚甲基-8-(1-异丙基)-1,6-环己烯(14.212%),石竹烯(11.551%)。结论:白花前胡地上部分挥发油中,石竹烯类、1R-α-蒎烯含量较高,茎和叶柄挥发油中萘类成分含量较高,在考虑综合利用的同时,应防止人畜中毒。     

针刺联合吸入法对阿尔兹海默病模型小鼠的干预作用

目的:观察针刺联合吸入法对阿尔兹海默病模型小鼠的干预作用。方法:选取清洁级SD小鼠60只,随机分为空白组、模型组、吸入组、针刺组、针刺+吸入组,每组12只。空白组常规饲养,充足食水,其余各组分别腹腔注射东莨菪碱3 mg·kg-1,日1次,连续14 d。造模成功后,从第15天开始,吸入组吸入迷迭香精油,针刺组针刺百会、肾俞、血海等穴位,针刺+吸入组给予吸入组和针刺组的治疗方法,连续14 d,末次给药后1 h,旷场实验测试各组小鼠的跨越格数和潜伏期。结果:与模型组比较,吸入组、针刺组第28天旷场实验跨越格数和潜伏期差异有统计学意义(P0.05),针刺+吸入组治疗后第17天、第21天、第28天跨越格数及潜伏期差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:迷迭香精油联合针刺对阿尔茨海默病小鼠有一定的改善作用。     

树发挥发油成分和脂溶性成分的GC-MS分析

目的:研究树发的挥发油和脂溶性成分。方法:利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对树发挥发油和脂溶性成分进行分析。结果:共鉴定出34个挥发油成分,占总量的17.93%,其成分类型主要包括萜类(6.71%),酮类(4.19%)及醇类(3.27%),主要成分为4-戊烯-2-酮(4.19%),cis-7-十四烯醇(3.03%),3,7-二甲基辛烯(1.30%),新己烷(1.28%)和大牦牛儿烯D(1.01%);共鉴定出33个脂溶性成分,占总量的89.63%,其成分类型主要包括脂肪酸类(81.65%),烷烃类(4.49%)和醇类(1.67%),主要成分为反亚油酸甲酯(34.98%),油酸甲酯(10.94%),14-甲基-十五烷酸甲酯(7.40%)和硬脂酸甲酯(4.13%)。结论:首次从树发中提取并鉴定了挥发油和脂溶性成分,为树发的开发利用提供了科学依据。     

当归挥发油对人脐静脉内皮细胞增殖作用的谱效关系

目的:探讨不同产地当归挥发油与人脐静脉内皮细胞增殖作用的相关关系。方法:利用水蒸气蒸馏法提取当归挥发油,采用GC-MS联用分析技术建立44批不同产地当归药材挥发油指纹图谱,质谱检索库及保留指数法鉴定各色谱峰所示化学成分,用噻唑蓝染色(MTT)实验考察不同产地当归挥发油对HUVECs细胞的增值率,再通过线性回归分析方法,建立并分析当归挥发油促HUVECs细胞增殖作用的相关关系。结果:通过线性回归分析得色谱峰X_1,X_2与细胞增殖率呈负相关的关系,其余色谱峰与细胞增殖率均呈正相关的关系,且其中X_3,X_6,X_7号色谱峰回归系数较大,是当归挥发油促HUVECs细胞增殖的主要化学成分。结论:该方法能快速、有效地建立当归挥发油谱效相关关系,可为当归挥发油化学成分药理性质的研究提供参考依据。     

4种不同药材来源郁金饮片中挥发油成分的GC-MS分析

目的:分析4种不同药材来源郁金饮片中挥发油成分,找出其共有及差异成分,为该饮片的合理使用提供依据。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,利用GC-MS对4种不同药材来源郁金饮片挥发油成分进行测定,载气高纯度氦气,进样温度250℃,压力49.5 k Pa,总流量36.0 m L·min~(-1),柱流量1.0 m L·min~(-1),线速度36.1 cm·s~(-1);电离方式电子轰击离子源,电离电压70 e V,离子源温度200℃,接口温度280℃,溶剂延时3.5 min,m/z 40~400。结果:4种不同来源郁金饮片挥发油均检测出了50种成分,其中有3种共有成分,3种郁金共有成分达13种,2种郁金共有成分达15种;4种郁金共有、交互存在的挥发油成分达31种。结论:4种不同药材来源郁金饮片挥发油中存在共有及交互存在的成分。吉马酮可作为温郁金、桂郁金、绿丝郁金的含量测定指标成分;姜黄素、姜黄酮、芳姜黄酮等可作为黄丝郁金的含量测定指标成分。     

GC-MS分析王不留行、决明子、酸枣仁炒制前后脂肪油成分的变化

目的:分析和鉴定王不留行、决明子、酸枣仁3种药材炒制前后脂肪油类成分的变化,为探索种子类药材"逢子必炒"的炮制机制奠定基础。方法:以石油醚为溶剂,采取索氏提取器提取脂肪油,甲酯化后用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GCMS)分离、鉴定其组成和相对质量分数。HP-5毛细管柱(0.25 mm×30 m,0.25μm),载气99.999%高纯氮,流速1 mL·min~(-1),采用程序升温方式(初始温度50℃,以5℃·min~(-1)升至170℃,停留4 min,5℃·min~(-1)升至190℃,0.5℃·min~(-1)升至200℃,10℃·min~(-1)升至240℃,保持4 min),进样量1μL,电子轰击离子源(EI),离子源温度220℃,电子能量70 eV。结果:王不留行、决明子、酸枣仁3种药材生品脂肪油提取率分别为3.34%,6.16%,20.66%,炒制品脂肪油提取率分别为4.67%,7.40%,26.35%。王不留行生品鉴定出7个化合物,炒制品鉴定出10个化合物;决明子生品鉴定出8个化合物,炒制品鉴定出9个化合物;酸枣仁生品鉴定出10个化合物,炒制品鉴定出14个化合物。结论:炒制能提高脂肪油的提取效率,炒制后3种药材脂肪油的组成出现了一些共性变化。     

益气固本颗粒的挥发油提取工艺优化

目的:优化益气固本颗粒的挥发油提取工艺,制成包合物。方法:以挥发油得率、藁本内酯含量为评价指标,选取加水量、浸泡时间、提取时间为考察因素,通过L_9(3~4)正交试验优选益气固本颗粒挥发油的最佳提取工艺。结果:各因素对挥发油提取工艺的影响顺序为加水量浸泡时间提取时间,益气固本颗粒挥发油的最佳提取工艺为药材加14倍量水,浸泡0.5小时,提取4小时。验证试验中挥发油得率分别为0.048、0.048、0.050,RSD为2.37%;藁本内酯含量为6.81、7.05、6.93,RSD为1.73%。结论:优选的提取工艺稳定可行,适用于益气固本颗粒的标准化生产工艺。     

岷当归有效成分对高同型半胱氨酸血症兔TXB_2的影响

目的:探讨岷当归有效成分(当归挥发油、当归多糖、阿魏酸)对高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHcy)兔致动脉粥样硬化(AS)的影响。方法:将48只日本大耳白兔随机分为正常组、模型组、当归挥发油组、当归多糖组、阿魏酸组和叶酸对照组,每组8只。采用L-蛋氨酸皮下注射法建立HHcy家兔模型。造模8周后,当归挥发油组、当归多糖组、阿魏酸组分别给予岷当归有效成分灌胃治疗,叶酸组给予叶酸+维生素B_6+维生素B_(12)灌胃治疗。12周后检测各组血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、血浆血栓素B_2(TXB_2)水平。结果:模型组血清Hcy水平高于正常组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),HHcy模型形成;与模型组比较,当归挥发油组、阿魏酸组、叶酸组血清Hcy水平明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);与模型组比较,叶酸组、当归挥发油组、当归多糖组、阿魏酸组血浆TXB2水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。阿魏酸组血浆TXB_2水平比叶酸组、当归挥发油组、当归多糖组较低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:岷当归有效成分阿魏酸能够降低血清Hcy与血浆TXB2水平,减少Hcy对血管内皮的损伤及毒性作用。